Introduction

Slots are the most popular genre of casino games. Many consider slots to be more fun and exciting than other casino games due to the bonus rounds, creative themes, and chance of a large win off a small bet. Unfortunately slots are one of the worst mathematical bets in online casinos with a typical house edge of 3-6%. Nevertheless, slots-only bonuses can be significantly EV+ and worthwhile.

 

Rules and Play

3-Reel Slots -- As the name implies, 3-reel slots have 3 reels. If the reels line up according to the listed paytable, you get the corresponding payout. The maximum payout often requires betting maximum coins (usually 3). There are many variations. Some 3-reel slots also have bonus rounds. If a certain symbol or combination of symbols appears, you enter a separate screen where you have the chance of a large win. You may have to pick a box, spin a wheel, or simply click a button.

 

Video Slots -- Standard video slots have 3 rows and 5 reels, for a total of 15 symbols. If you get 3 or more matching symbols, you receive the corresponding win. Wins usually pay from left to right, meaning 3 matching symbols in the first 3 reels is a win, but 3 matching symbols in the final three reels is not.

Video slots often have many lines of winning sequences. Line 1 to 3 are the lines of the three rows. Line 4 might be a diagonal sequence including reel 1 row 1, reel 2 row 2, reel 3 row 3, reel 4 row 2, and reel 5 row 1. There are 243 possible lines, but it is rare for more than 25 lines to be available. You can select 1 line, 25 lines, or any number in between. Each line represents a separate bet, so a 25-line bet is 25x larger than a 1-line bet.

Video slots may offer free spins and/or bonus rounds. Free spins are usually triggered by 3 or more scatter symbols. These scatters do not need to be on a winning line. They can be anywhere on the reels. If you get the scatters, the reels will spin on their own for a specified number of spins, usually 10-30. Wins may be doubled or tripled during the free spins, so much of the slot's overall payout may be in the free spins. Bonus rounds triggers vary. Like 3-reel slots, bonus rounds involve separate screen where you have the chance of a large win.

 

Fruit Machines -- Fruit machines refers to a type of European (often UK) 3-reel slots. The games usually have a variety of features, such as trails and nudges. Unlike other types of slots, there may be some strategy involved. Outcomes of fruit machines often have some non-random elements. True fruit machines are not common online, although Microgaming offers some AWP games.

 

Strategy

Most slots do not have strategy-related decisions. Simply spin and see if you have won or not. One aspect if slot play that is under your control is variance. Using two-tier betting and starting with high variance bets can dramatcially increase return when playing with pre-wager bonuses. Two-tier betting makes most pre-wager slot bonuses EV+ and greatly increases the number of worthwhile bonuses. See the slot bonuses page for more detail.

Another relevant aspect of strategy is when to play the double game. After a spin is completed, some casino softwares give you the opportunity to double your win in a war-like game. The dealer and player both draw a card. If the player's card is higher, the win is doubled. If the dealer's card is higher, the player wins nothing. If the player and dealer tie, the original win is returned. You can double sequentially until reaching the maximum win. This double bet usually has no edge. If doubling counts towards the wagering requirement, it can be used to dramatically reduce the expected loss per unit wagered. The double bet can also be used to increase or decrease varaiance, depending on the size of the double. If you want to avoid increasing variance, do not double when the size of the double bet is greater than that the variance per slot spin (square of SD per slot spin). Note that video poker doubles may be restricted in the T&C. The game may not count towards wagering or may be banned alltogether when playing a bonus.

 

House Edge

Most online slots payout 94-97%, resulting in a house edge of 3-6%. This is roughly half the house edge of typical land-based slots. More specific information about individual softwares is below.

 

Chartwell -- Doxx Casino lists the payout of Chartwell slots. Some of the table game payout values in the list are not accurate, so I am unsure of the accuracy for slot payouts. According to this list, the house edge on the 17 standard slots ranges from 5% on GOOOAL! to 13% on Jump For Gold. 3 payout values are listed for the newer 10+ line slots, so I suspect these are configurable by operator. I expect few operators to choose the 3% setting, so GOOOAL! at 5% is likely still the lowest house edge slot. Some of the scratch card games appear to have a lower house edge than the slots. Diving For Dollars, Go Bananas, and Hot Streak all are listed as having a 3% house edge. The "soft games" Blackjack Stand or Bust, HiLoCards, and Pinball Roulette also are listed as having a 3% house edge. If scratch cards or "soft games" are weighted equally with slots, they may be a better option. A full house edge list is below:

Standard Slots
Arthur’s Quest -- 6%
Bullseye Bucks -- 6%
Cash Grab -- 8%
Cash Inferno -- 6%
Fast Track -- 10%
Fruit Party -- 6%
GOOOAL! -- 5%
Hole In One -- 7%
Hollywood Reels -- 10%
Jump For Gold -- 13%
Oktoberfest -- 6%
Lucky Cherry -- 8%
Pirate Treasure -- 8%
Pot O’ Gold -- 7%
Space Invasion -- 8%
Spin ‘N’ Win -- 7%
Wild West -- 8%

Newer 10+ Line Slots
Amazon Adventure -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)
Dragon 8s -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)
FanCashtic -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)
Jackpot Holiday -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)
Monkey Love -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)
Neptune’s Gold -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)
Polar Riches -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)
Wild mummy -- 3%, 6%, or 10% (configurable?)

Scratch Cards
Candy Island -- 14%
Diving For Dollars -- 3%
Go Bananas -- 3%
Hot Streak -- 3%
Magic Money -- 8%

"Soft Games"
Blackjack Stand or Bust -- 3%
Bonus Hi Lo -- 8%
Card Sharks -- 8%
Final Score -- 9%
Darts -- 7%
Golden Bonanza Keno -- 5%
HiLo -- 13%
HiLo Cards -- 3%
HiLo Game Show -- 8%
Hold’em Poker Showdown -- 4%
Mad Matterhorn -- 13%
Pinball Roulette -- 3%
Super Bingo Keno -- 8%

Cryptologic-- Virgin lists payout information for a portion of Cryptologic slots, as quoted below. The house edge values listed at Virgin range from 4 to 9%, with an average payout near 5.5%. Audit reports at Cryptologic casinos suggest a slightly lower average payout of 6-7%. This difference may relate to the specific game selection at Virgin.

Millioniare club II -- 4.21%
Call of Duty 4 -- 4.57%
Dolphin Reef -- 4.77%
Eastern Dragon -- 4.78%
Doctor Love -- 4.96%
Bejeweled -- 5.48%
Emerald Isle -- 5.50%
Fantasic Four -- 5.50%
Hulk Ultimate Revenge -- 5.50%
Spiderman -- 5.50%
Cubis -- 5.60%
Street Fighter II -- 6.56%
King Kong -- 8.61%

Microgaming -- Microgaming casinos print audit reports each month, showing the net payout of their slot games. The average slot payout data for several Microgaming casinos for the years 2001 to 2008 is listed below. Based on this data, I expect that the average payout of Microgaming slots is ~95.8%. The payout of specific slots varies from one game to the next. I estimate that the typical house edge for non-progressive games ranges from 3.5% to 5.5%. The lowest house edge game I am aware of is Loaded / Sure Win, with a house edge of 3.71% (see below).

2008 -- 95.8%
2007 -- 95.9%
2006 -- 96.1%
2005 -- 95.9%
2004 -- 95.6%
2003 -- 95.7%
2002 -- 94.8%
2001 -- 94.8% (limited data)

Virgin Games lists the payout of some Microgaming slots. The house edge of those games is quoted below. The house edge range of these slots fits quite well with the ~4.2% house edge suggested by the audit reports above.

Loaded -- 3.71%
Pharoah Treasure - 3.73%
Spirng Break - 3.90%
Thunderstruck - 4%
Tomb Raider - 4%
Hitman - 4.16%
Break Da Bank - 4.25%
Mermaids Millions - 4.44%
City of Gold - 4.73%
Tomb Raider II - 4.78%
Cashapillar - 4.87%

Newer Microgaming slots use true reels, which can be simulated and analyzed by looking at the reel layout and determining the chance of each outcome. Using this method, other players and I have estimated the following house edge values for slots. The computed house edge of Loaded matches the payout value at Virgin, but Thunderstruck & Spring Break do not. Note that there is a correlation between variance and house edge. Higher variance slots, such as ones with a progressive jackpot, tend to have a higher house edge.

Loaded / Sure Win -- 3.71%
Tally Ho / Kathmandu -- 3.99%
Ho Ho Ho / Munchkins / Twister -- 4.12%
Thudnderstruck / Spring Break / Summertime / Ladies's Night / My Slot -- 4.95%
Isis / Beach Babes / Supe It Up -- 5.19%
Lotsaloot -- ~6% (varies with size of jackpot)
Fruit Fiesta -- ~6% (varies with size of jackpot)
Major Millions -- ~7% (varies with size of jackpot)

Older Microgaming games use weighted reels, which cannot be analyzed by looking at the reel layout. The payout data for 2001 & 2002 listed above suggests that older classic games, prior to the introduction of Microgaming Viper, may have a higher house edge than more recent games and the ~95.8% average payout listed above. Or it may simply be variance due to a smaller number of samples. The house edge of older 3-reel games often varies depending on the number of coins selected. The maximum number of coins may be required to get the maximum jackpot and/or a high payout bonus round, resulting in the lowest house edge.

 

Net Entertainment -- Net Ent publishes house edge information for the slots. According to this data, the house edge ranges from 1.1% on Mega Joker to 7% on Super Luky Frog and Tiki Wonders, with most games between 3 and 5%. A full list is below:

Alien Robots -- 96,60%
Arabian Nights -- 95,60%
Beetle Frenzy -- 93,95%
Blood Suckers -- 98,00%
Boom Brothers -- 96,40%
Champion of the Track -- 96,50%
Cray Sports -- 96,70%
Crusaders of Fortune -- 95,90%
Dead or Alive -- 96,80%
Devil's Delight -- 97,60%
Diamond Dogs -- 96,50%
Dragon Island -- 96,60%
Egyptian Heroes -- 96,80%
Excalibur -- 96,60%
Fishy Fortune -- 97,90%
Flowers -- 96,80%
Fortune Teller -- 96,80%
Frankenstein -- 96,60%
Fruit Case -- 96,40%
Funky Seventies -- 96,50%
Geisha Wonders -- 93,10%
Ghost Pirates -- 96,80%
Gold Rush -- 95,40%
Golden Shamrock -- 96,40%
Gonzo's Request -- 96,00%
Hall of Gods -- 96,50%
Hot City -- 96,10%
Icy Wonders -- 93,50%
Jackhammer -- 97,00%
Jackpot6000 -- 98,75%
Jungle Games -- 96,60%
Kings of Chicago -- 97,90%
Lucky 8-Line -- 96,80%
Magic Love -- 96,60%
Mega Fortune -- 96,40%
Mega Joker -- 98,90%
Mystery at the Mansion -- 95,20%
Mythic Maiden -- 96,60%
Pacific Attack -- 95,50%
Pandora's Box -- 95,10%
Piggy Riches -- 96,10%
Pirates Gold II -- 97,30%
Reel Steal -- 95,90%
Relic Raiders -- 94,90%
Robin Hood -- 96,80%
Safari Madness -- 96,70%
Secret Code -- 96,30%
Secrets of Horus -- 96,00%
Spellcast -- 96,00%
Super Lucky Frog -- 93,00%
Super Nudge6000 -- 97,20%
Tales of Krakow -- 93,20%
The Groovy Sixties -- 96,50%
The Super Eighties -- 96,50%
Thrill Spin -- 95,80%
Tiki Wonders -- 93,00%
Trolls -- 95,10%
Victorious -- 96,80%
Viking's Treasure -- 95,80%
Voodoo Vibes -- 93,90%
Wild Witches -- 96,10%

 

RealTime Gaming -- The house edge of RealTime Gaming slots is configurable by operators. This means the house edge of a specific RealTime Gaming slot may vary from one casino to the next. Old marketing documentation lists two settings as 2.5% and 5%. Operators have posted that there are 3 settings. In 2010 an operator listed the three settings as 2.5%, 5% (default), or 8.5%. Note that game payouts are approximately the selected setting, but the exact payout may vary somewhat from the selected setting. The few RTG casinos the publish payout data fit with the above estimations, generally being at ~95%.

Rival -- Rival lists the payout of their games in the game's help page. Slot house edge values are rounded to their nearest 1% in these help files. According to this data, the house edge ranges from 2% on Cosmic Quest Episode Two to 6% on Hole In Won, with most games at 4%. A full list is below. Note that the lowest house edge game, Cosmic Quest Episode Two, is a new release at the time of this update. The house edge may be increased in the future.

5 Reel Circus -- 4%
As The Reels Turn 1 -- 3%
As The Reels Turn 2 -- 3%
As The Reels Turn 3 -- 4%
Atomic Age -- 4%
Baby Boomers: Cash Cruise -- 4%
Big Cash Win -- 4%
Chicken Little -- 5%
Cleopatra's Coins -- 4%
Cosmic Quest Episode One -- 5%
Cosmic Quest Episode Two -- 2%
Dog Pound --4%
Eggstravangaza -- 5%
Fantastic Fruit -- 5%
Fantasy Fortune -- 4%
Flea Market -- 4%
Future Fortunes -- 4%
Gobblers Gold -- 5%
Gold Rush -- 4%
Grandma's Attic -- 4%
Hobo's Hoard -- 4%
Hole In Won -- 6%
Jacques Pot -- 4%
Love And Money -- 4%
Major Moolah -- 4%
Metal Detector -- 4%
Milk The Cash Cow -- 3%
Ocean Treasure -- 4%
One Million Reels BC -- 3%
Reel Crime 1: Bank Heist -- 4%
Reel Crime 2: Art Heist -- 4%
Reel Of Fortune -- 4%
Reel Party -- 4%
Rock On -- 4%
Scary Rich -- 4%
Scary Rich 2 -- 4%
Secret Garden -- 4%
Sevens And Bars -- 4%
So 80s -- 4%
Strike Gold -- 4%
Surf Paradise -- 5%
Travel Bug -- 4%
Watch The Birdie -- 4%
Western Wildness -- 4%
Winter Wonders -- 4%

 

Wagerworks -- Wagerworks lists the payout of their slot games in the game information. Slots have a house edge ranging from 1.94% to 8.00%, with most near 5%. The lowest house edge game is 3-Reel Hold-up. 3-Reel Hold-up is a unique strategy based slot. According to SkyBetVegas, the minimum 1.94% house edge requires a max bet with the following strategy:

If initial outcome has one or more WILD symbols:

* If you have two WILD symbols, only hold the third symbol if it is a Bonus or an OrangeBag or higher.
* If you have a single WILD and a pair of Bonus or a pair of Plums or better, hold all three symbols, else throw away the low pair.
* If you have an ANY award comprised of one Wild and two different Thug symbols, hold the Wild and the highest value Thug.
* If you have an ANY award comprised of one Wild and two different Bag symbols, hold the Wild and the highest value Bag.
* If you have an ANY award comprised of one Wild and two different Fruit symbols, hold only the Wild.
* If you have a single WILD and two unrelated symbols, if one of these symbols is a BlueBag or higher, then hold the WILD and the highest valued symbol, else only hold the WILD. (bonus symbol has value of 20 with max credit bet)

If initial outcome has no WILD symbols:

* If you have a winning outcome, you should hold it. This includes the case when you have an ANY award (for example, an Any Fruit outcome such as two Oranges and one Plum). In this case it is best to hold all three.
* If you have an exact pair of symbols, even if only a pair of Coins, hold the pair.
* In general, if you have 3 unrelated symbols, it is best to hold the most valuable symbol if it is a Bonus symbol or a BlueBag or better. (bonus symbol has value of 20 with max credit bet)
* If you have two mixed Thug symbols and a third unrelated symbol, hold the mixed Thugs.
* If you have two mixed Bag symbols and an unrelated symbol, hold the mixed Bag symbols.
* If you have two mixed Fruit symbols, only hold them if the third symbol is less than a PurpleBag, else hold the third symbol.

For non-max credit play, the strategy is the almost the same, except you should hold a single BlueBag over a single Bonus symbol. For max credit play, you should hold a single Bonus symbol over a single Blue symbol.

 

Texas Tea is another low house edge alternative, which some casinos restrict in their terms. A full list of Wagerworks slots and corresponding house edge is below:

3-Reel Hold-Up -- 1.94%
50,000 Pyramid -- 4.98%
Arabian Riches -- 3.97%
Banana-Rama Match 3 -- 8.00%
Banana-Rama Deluxe -- 4.99%
Battleship Search And Destroy -- 5.46%
Captain Quid's Treasure Quest -- 4.98%
Cleopatra -- 4.98%
Cleopatra II -- 4.87%
Cluedo -- 4.00%
Da Vinci Diamonds -- 5.07%
Double Diamond -- 4.92%
Dungeons & Dragons -- 5.50%
Elvis A Little More Action -- 5.03%
Elvis Multi-Strike -- 4.62%
Enchanted Unicorn -- 3.98%
Five Times Play -- 4.90%
Jeopardy -- 5.00%
Lil Lady -- 4.02%
MegaJackpots Cluedo -- ~5% (Varies with size of jackpot)
MegaJackpots Monopoly -- ~5% (Varies with size of jackpot)
Monopoly Here And Now -- 4.24%
Monopoly Pass Go -- 3.99%
Texas Tea -- 2.65%
Triple Fortune Dragon -- 5.03%
Vacation USA -- 6.00%
Vegas, Baby! -- 4.98%
Wheel of Fortune -- 4.00%
Wheel of Fortune Triple Action -- 3.00%
Wolf Run -- 5.02%

 

Playtech and Grand Virtual publish audit reports listing average slot payouts in the 95-96% range. This makes me believe the house edge of their slots varies from 3-6%, depending on the game. Random Logic audit reports are typically in the 93-94% range, so the house edge of their slots is likely in the 5-8% range.

 

Variance

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